Xingbang Liu
Sheldon
A hostile or negative attitude toward people in a distinguishable group, based solely on their membership in that group
1. Stereotypes: The Cognitive Component
2. Emotions: The Affective Component
3. Discrimination: The Behavioral Component
A generalization about a group of people, in which certain traits are assigned to virtually all members of the group, regardless of actual variation among the members
e.g. (We all have stereotypes: Jewish people are very rich/African people are very poor)
1. Media
2. Illusory Correlation
The tendency to see relationships, or correlations, between events that are actually unrelated
e.g. (Western people tend to believe that the black dog would bring bad luck)
Stereotypes can set up expectations to groups which have been misunderstood
e.g. (Asain children were believed to have better porformance in academic area, but not all people are good at it)
(both man and woman can be aggressive or gentle)
Women are inferior to men because they are inherently less intelligent, less competent, less brave, less capable of math and science, and so on.
Women are kinder than men, more empathic, more nurturing, and so on.
That can lead to implicit prejudice
(People pretend to be consistent with the PC environment, but keep negative feelings under the surface)
It is unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group solely because of his or her membership in that group
Small actions or word choices that seem on their face to have no malicious intent but that are thought of as a kind of violence nonetheless
Outwardly acting unprejudiced while inwardly maintaining prejudiced attitudes
Researchers convinced participants that the polygraph is effective, but it is actually fake.
e.g. (Do you remember the TV program Jimmy Show)
When people are stressed, angry, have suffered a blow to their self-esteem, or otherwise are not in full control of their conscious intentions.
They often behave with greater aggression or hostility toward a stereotyped target than toward members of their own group.
Two-Step Model of the Cognitive
Self-Fulfilling prophecies
The case wherein people have an expectation about what another person is like, which influences how they act toward that person, which causes that person to behave consistently with people's original expectations, making the expectations come true.
e.g. (If you believe that Amy is stupid, you probably will not ask her interesting questions, and you will not listen intently while she is talking)
The apprehension experienced by members of a group that their behavior might confirm a cultural stereotype
e.g. (The victim often internalizes these societal expectations and comes to believe them: "I guess I must be stupid if everybody thinks so.")
Four aspects:
Institutional Discrimination:
Practices that discriminate, legally or illegally, against a minority group by virtue of its ethnicity, gender, culture, age, sexual orientation, or other target of societal or company prejudice
Racist attitudes that are held by the vast majority of people living in a society where stereotypes and discrimination are the norm
Sexist attitudes that are held by the vast majority of people living in a society where stereotypes and discrimination are the norm
Normative Conformity:
The tendency to go along with the group in order to fulfill the group's expectations and gain acceptance
Prejudice is enabled by the human tendency to organize people into in-groups and out-groups.
the tendency to treat members of our own group more positively than members of the outgroup
The perception that individuals in the out-group are more similar to each other (homogeneous) than they really are, as well as more similar than members of the ingroup are
The tendency to make dispositional attributions about an entire group of people
The tendency to blame individuals (make dispositional attributions) for their victimization, typically motivated by a desire to see the world as a fair place
The idea that limited resources lead to conflict between groups and result in increased prejudice and discrimination
The tendency for individuals, when frustrated or unhappy, to displace aggression onto groups that are disliked, visible, and relatively powerless
e.g. (Americans blame immigrants for high unemployment rate)
The most important way to reduce prejudice between racial and ethnic groups is through contact, bringing in-group and out-group members together.
The situation that exists when two or more groups need to depend on one another to accomplish a goal that is important to each of them
A classroom setting designed to reduce prejudice and raise the self-esteem of children by placing them in small, desegregated groups and making each child dependent on the other children in the group to learn the course material and do well in the class